Akhanda Bharath

For generations of pilgrims from Nepal and India, Janakpur represents the maternal home of Sita. Ayodhya is remembered as the kingdom of Rama, while Janakpur is cherished as the city from which Janaki entered the royal household of Raghu. The sacred relationship between the two cities has shaped pilgrimage routes, devotional songs, wedding customs and family traditions across the Himalayan and Gangetic regions.

Archaeology documents Sri Lanka’s ancient settlements, temples, maritime connections and religious institutions. The identification of individual landscapes with particular Ramayana episodes comes primarily through sacred tradition, temple practice, folklore, place memory and pilgrimage literature. Together, these different forms of heritage make Sri Lanka one of the most important countries in the global Ramayana tradition.

The Ramakien is Thailand’s national epic and a Thai adaptation of the ancient Indian Ramayana. The story was reshaped through Thai language, Buddhist ethics, local geography, court culture and Southeast Asian artistic imagination, yet its central soul remains connected to the story of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Hanuman and Ravana. The version most studied today was completed at the court of King Rama I in the late 18th century, after earlier versions were lost during the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767.

The story of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Hanuman and Ravana did not remain confined to the Indian subcontinent. Through merchants, scholars, priests, artists and maritime networks, the Ramayana crossed the Bay of Bengal and reached the Khmer world. There it was lovingly adapted into Cambodian language, dance, sculpture and courtly tradition. The result was not a simple copy of the Indian epic, but a living Khmer expression of dharma, kingship, loyalty, moral duty and cosmic order.

The most important literary form of the Indonesian Ramayana is the Kakawin Ramayana, an Old Javanese rendering of the epic composed in the refined kakawin poetic style. Academic work on the Old Javanese Ramayana treats it as a major classical text of Java’s Hindu-Buddhist literary world, and OAPEN lists C. Hooykaas’s scholarly edition The Old-Javanese Rāmāyaṇa Kakawin, showing the importance of the text in global Ramayana studies.