Pinpointed: Scientists in India have Identified 12 Previously Unknown States of the Human Brain

Scientists in India have identified 12 previously unknown states of the human brain that they believe serve as the fountainhead for all neural activity — from what helps crack tricky math puzzles to what underlies neurological or psychiatric disorders.

They say their study has revealed 12 “hidden” brain states, each representing patterns of connectivity between different areas of the cerebral cortex, a key region involved in high mental functions, including thought and memory.

The scientists at the National Brain Research Centre, Manesar (Haryana), and collaborating institutions used computer science and brain-imaging tools to analyse cortical interconnections of volunteers sitting still eyes closed in a soundless room to identify these states.

“We think there are at least 12 fundamental states of the brain,” said neurobiologist Dipanjan Roy, an associate professor at the NBRC. “We’re postulating all brain activity — whether when we’re at rest or when we’re doing something — emerges from some mixture or overlap of these hidden states as interconnections across the cortical areas change in milliseconds to seconds.”

The scientists, who focused on interconnections between 68 areas of the cortex, are hoping their findings will lead to fresh insights into how the brain performs complex tasks and how changing connectivity influences neurological or psychiatric disorders such as autism or schizophrenia.

Collaborating computer scientist Avinash Sharma at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and his colleagues applied a technique called machine learning to analyse the connectivity through magnetic resonance imaging brain scans.

They first examined brain images from 49 volunteers scanned at the Berlin Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging, then from 100 volunteers scanned under an independent research project funded by the US National Institutes of Health.

As expected, the scientists observed vast variations in the patterns of interconnections between different volunteers and even in the interconnections seen in the brains of the same volunteers tracked over several minutes.

But the machine-learning technique identified what the scientists say are 12 internal brain states. They postulate that transitions from one state to another and various overlaps of these states give rise to observed neural activity.

The other team members were S.G. Surampudi and Joyneel Misra at IIIT, R.S. Bapi at the University of Hyderabad, and Gustavo Deco at the University of Barcelona.

Senior clinicians say such research could add to what is at present viewed as rudimentary mechanistic knowledge of neurological or psychiatric illnesses but caution that applications on patients are likely to be still distant.

“This is exciting stuff — such research should be encouraged,” said Ajit Bhide, a senior psychiatrist at St Martha’s Hospital, Bangalore, who was not associated with the NBRC study. “But it’s still in infancy — I don’t see applications for 20 or 25 years.”

But brain-connectivity studies have already yielded novel information about autism, showing future directions for therapy. A 2014 study led by neuroscientist Vinod Menon at Stanford University and his colleagues in the US was the first to demonstrate that brain connectivity in children with autism changes less, relative to rest, in response to a task than the brain connectivity of other children.

Menon’s team was among the first to discover that the human brain is organised into interacting networks of areas, paving the way for research to unravel the links between connectivity and brain functions as well as neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Source: TI

Image Courtesy:Ultra Sound School